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Monday, December 29, 2014

Where has all the CO2 gone? WUWT fails arithmetic & science, so cries pHraud!

Sou | 8:59 AM Go to the first of 56 comments. Add a comment

Update: I've added some older papers - meant to do this earlier. (Sou - a bit later)

See also a new HW article on the same topic, with some interesting bits and pieces about pH data. (Sou - 2 January 2015)



In two very, very dumb articles at WUWT, one of which is a mainly a copy of a CFACT monstrosity elsewhere - there are foolish accusations of fraud about ocean acidification.

Now anyone who is taken in by this nonsense should go stand in the corner and put on a dunce cap. Then they ought to enrol in a remedial arithmetic class.

Thing is, experts have calculated how much extra CO2 humans have put in the atmosphere. It comes from burning fossil fuel, from land use changes, particularly deforestation, and from the making of cement. Only around half of what humans have emitted has stayed in the atmosphere. The rest is absorbed in the oceans and on land - with plants absorbing something like 30% of the extra and the oceans absorbing around 25%.

If you look at it from another perspective, you'll see that the oceans must be absorbing more CO2. That other perspective is that the increase in atmospheric CO2 means an increase in the partial pressure of CO2. When partial pressure of a gas in contact with a solution rises, the solution dissolves more of the gas. If temperature increases, then all else being equal, the solution will give up the gas. However right now, even though the temperature is rising, the increase in partial pressure outstrips this rise - so the oceans are taking CO2 from the air.


Two very foolish articles at WUWT


About that foolish article - actually there are two of them at WUWT (archived here and here). The first one seems to have started at CFACT and went all around the deniosphere but I doubt that anyone of any brains took any notice. Still, I'll write about it because it's another instance of disinformers shrieking "fraud" so as to pander to the scientifically illiterate deniers. It's appalling the way these US lobby groups will defame scientists. It's so easy for them to do so. They just write a stupid unscientific article and say scientists are committing fraud. They bypass saying that a scientist made a mistake (which in this case they didn't). They don't bother with facts. They ignore all other evidence and jump straight to an accusation of fraud. Why? To appease their paymasters, most likely.


Deniers don't understand the most basic (sic) science


The scientists who are defamed at WUWT and by CFACT and in various parts of the conspiracy theorising world of deniers are Dr Richard Feely and Dr Christopher Sabine.  It's not the first time that Anthony Watts has shown how dumb he is by posting a silly article about Dr Feely. Back in 2012 there was a rather dumb email sent to Dr Feely that Anthony wasn't ashamed to publish (archived here). In it, the author got very confused about pH and what it is. His main argument can be summarised in this excerpt:
An OSU researcher who gave the story to the Oregonian, Alan Barton, had incorrectly asserted that the ocean pH had risen 30% because of human CO2 emissions and gave that as the reason the oyster harvests had been suffering. And he qualified that statement by stating that the ocean pH had moved .1 unit towards acidity over the last century.
But as you know, the equation for the pH of an aqueous solution is logarithmic and defined as pH = -log[ H+ ] . As you also know, there are 14 orders of magnitude that define the pH scale from zero to fourteen units as per this equation. So a movement of .1 units towards acidity cannot equal a 30% increase in acidity as claimed in this article. It is actually .1/14 or only 7/10ths of 1%. ...

Wrong! Here is a link to a primer on ocean acidification, with an explanation of pH and percentage change in acidity. A drop of 0.1 from a pH of 8.2 to 8.1 represents an increase in acidity of 26%. There were some WUWT commenters who tried to set the author straight, though many who commented didn't have the first clue.

Richard Feely and Christopher Sabine are two of the world's leading experts on ocean acidification. That's probably why disinformers decided to target them. It's the Serengeti Strategy with a twist. Usually the strategy is to target only one person at at time. Almost any scientist who studies ocean chemistry will tell you that all the evidence shows that pH of the ocean is dropping.


Enter the denier hydrologist - Mike Wallace


What got the disinformers going was that some denier or other named Mike Wallace decided that the all the world's experts were wrong about ocean acidification. Now Mike Wallace isn't studying ocean acidification, he's got a list of various AGU posters and a some papers on hydrology under his "Professional Biographic information" on his "professional" website - of Mike Wallace & Associates. (I expect his associates are called Mike Wallace and Mike Wallace).  Nevertheless, he was sufficiently bold to correspond with Drs Sabine and Feely "over a period of several months". (The good professors must have the patience of saints.)  Mike was apparently seeking robust measurements of ocean pH for the entire 20th century. Good luck with that!

I'm having trouble trying to figure out just what the point of the article is. There is reference to a brochure, and 2010 testimony and to an omission of "80 years of data" but where it's omitted from isn't specified. When referring to "Feely's chart", the author might mean this one, in which the pH observations do start in the late 1980s, which would be about right.

 The chart came from the BAMS State of the Climate in 2007 report, and the pH and pCO2 data came from the Hawaiian Ocean Time Series. Here is the image from the BAMS report:

Fig. 3.26. Time series of atmospheric CO2 at Mauna Loa (ppmv) and surface ocean pH and pCO2 (μatm) at Ocean Station Aloha in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean. Note that the increase in oceanic CO2 over the last 17 yr is consistent with the atmospheric increase within the statistical limits of the measurements. [Mauna Loa data: Dr. Pieter Tans, NOAA/ESRL, www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends; HOTS/Aloha data: Dr. David Karl, University of Hawaii, http://hahana.soest.hawaii.edu.]
Source: BAMS State of the Climate in 2007

Whatever, the article doesn't just allege that Drs Feely and Sabine have it wrong, CFACT (and WUWT) is accusing them of fraud. That's a big call. So what is this accusation based upon?


The data isn't missing - it's just not good enough


Well, it seems that these scoundrels think that there must be another "80 years of data, which incorporate more than 2 million records of ocean pH levels". The article goes on to say that NODC/NOAA has all these data. Thing is, that it seems to me that Mike whatshisname can't tell good data from patchy, poor data.

For a comprehensive article on ocean acidification, you could do worse than this one by Scott C. Doney, Victoria J. Fabry, Richard A. Feely, and Joan A. Kleypas: "Ocean Acidification: The Other CO2 Problem", which was published in Annual Reviews in 2009. As the article says (and which the disinformers avoid telling you) - my emphasis:
Ocean acidification is a predictable consequence of rising atmospheric CO2 and does not suffer from uncertainties associated with climate change forecasts. Absorption of anthropogenic CO2, reduced pH, and lower calcium carbonate (CaCO3) saturation in surface waters, where the bulk of oceanic production occurs, are well verified from models, hydrographic surveys, and time series data (Caldeira & Wickett 2003, 2005; Feely et al. 2004, 2008; Orr et al. 2005; Solomon et al. 2007). At the Hawaii Ocean Time-Series (HOT) station ALOHA the growth rates of surface water pCO2 and atmospheric CO2 agree well (Takahashi et al. 2006) (Figure 1), indicating uptake of anthropogenic CO2 as the major cause for long-term increases in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and decreases in CaCO3 saturation state. Correspondingly, since the 1980s average pH measurements at HOT, the Bermuda Atlantic Time-Series Study, and European Station for Time-Series in the Ocean in the eastern Atlantic have decreased approximately 0.02 units per decade (Solomon et al. 2007). Since preindustrial times, the average ocean surface water pH has fallen by approximately 0.1 units, from approximately 8.21 to 8.10 (Royal Society 2005), and is expected to decrease a further 0.3–0.4 pH units (Orr et al. 2005) if atmospheric CO2 concentrations reach 800 ppmv [the projected end-of-century concentration according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) business-as-usual emission scenario]. 

It's basic chemistry and physics. If, as Mike whatsit claims, the oceans aren't absorbing all that CO2, then he has to explain the following:
  • Where has one third of the CO2 disappeared to?
  • Why have gases and solutions started to behave so unnaturally. In other words, why haven't the oceans absorbed the CO2? What is different that causes it to stop behaving as a solution under pressure from a gas.

Mike claims to be a hydrologist. I don't suppose that means he has to have any understanding of chemistry, but he does say that he graduated in science, so you'd have thought some of what he was taught would have sunk in. Apparently not.

The first WUWT article ends with some silliness and a strawman:
Regarding the chart in question, Wallace concludes: “Ocean acidification may seem like a minor issue to some, but besides being wrong, it is a crucial leg to the entire narrative of ‘human-influenced climate change.’ By urging our leaders in science and policy to finally disclose and correct these omissions, you will be helping to bring honesty, transparency, and accountability back where it is most sorely needed.”
“In whose professional world,” Wallace asks, “is it acceptable to omit the majority of the data and also to not disclose the omission to any other soul or Congressional body?”

The strawman of course, is that there was no "majority of the data" omitted from the testimony to which he refers. The testimony refers to the sources of estimates of ocean acidification, including:
Over the last three decades, NOAA, the National Science Foundation and the Department of Energy have co-sponsored repeat hydrographic and chemical surveys of the world’s oceans, documenting their response to increasing amounts of carbon dioxide being emitted to the atmosphere by human activities. These surveys have confirmed the oceans are absorbing increasing amounts of carbon dioxide. Both the hydrographic surveys and modeling studies reveal that chemical changes in seawater resulting from absorption of carbon dioxide are increasing the acidity of seawater or lowering of its pH.

Enter denier 2: Peter Gadiel


Enough of the nonsense from Mike Wallace, grade one denier. I'll move onto the second article at WUWT (archived here).  It starts with this headline and opening:
Sabine’s excuse for using modeled data over real data? – ‘earlier data is not of “sufficient quality.”‘
WUWT reader Peter Gadiel writes:
After reading of the critique of Sabine’s exclusion of the historical data on ocean acidification I emailed him. I thought his response might be of interest to you at WUWT. He says the earlier data is not of “sufficient quality.”

Now you'd expect deniers to applaud scientists for not relying on data that was not of sufficient quality.  Not Anthony. He wonders:
Who determined that the directly measured ocean pH data was not of “sufficient quality” and if it wasn’t, why then did NOAA make the data available on their website as part of other ocean data in their World Ocean Database without a caveat?

Well, I'd say it was the scientist who was doing research into ocean acidification who determined it was not of sufficient quality.  Anthony points to the NODC/NOAA website and says "My search on NOAA’s NODC database for ocean pH data showed plenty of data and no caveats on use".

Oh my. Imagine letting Anthony Watts loose on ocean pH readings with "no caveats". We'd be getting articles forever and a day on ocean UHI disease.  Anyway, this was the chart he put up, a data distribution plot of pH measurements taken over time:

Source: NODC/NOAA

It looks impressive, doesn't it. What Anthony didn't tell his readers - probably because he didn't know - is that the chart represents all data from all years in the following datasets:

The cast count is:
259325 OSD casts (Ocean station data)
0 CTD casts
0 XBT casts
0 MBT casts
0 PFL casts
0 DRB casts
0 MRB casts
0 APB casts
0 UOR casts
1 SUR cruises (surface only data)
0 GLD casts
259,326 TOTAL casts 

In case you're like me and don't know what a cast is, here's the definition from the WDO documentation:
Cast – A set of profiles (or a single profile) taken concurrently. Meteorological and ocean condition information are also included for a cast if measurements were taken concurrently with the profile(s). Observations and measurements of plankton from net-tows are included if taken concurrently or in close time proximity to profiles. If there are no profiles in close proximity, a net-tow by itself will constitute a cast. Each cast in the WOD05 is assigned a unique cast number. If the cast is subsequently replaced by higher quality data, the unique cast number remains the same. If any alteration is made to a cast, this information is noted online, referenced by the unique cast number. For surface-only data in dataset SUR, a cast is defined as a collection of concurrent profiles of surface measurements at discrete latitudes and longitudes over an entire cruise (see definition of cruise below). Profiles of latitude, longitude and Julian year-day are included with profiles of measured oceanographic variables. 

Compare the pH casts with those of temperature, which delivers the following results:

Source: NODC/NOAA

The cast count is:
2,905,115 OSD casts
926,248 CTD casts
2,247,079 XBT casts
2,425,604 MBT casts
1,281,527 PFL casts
166,140 DRB casts
1,464,497 MRB casts
1,460,344 APB casts
88,498 UOR casts
5,905 SUR cruises
508,429 GLD casts
13,479,386 TOTAL casts

You could say the oceans are supersaturated in temperature :)

Now let's look at an animation showing the pH records collected for different periods. Click to enlarge:

Source: NODC/NOAA


Look again at the data above, particularly for the period 1900 to 1929 and the period to 1949 and then ask yourself how Mike Wallace put together this chart and managed to keep a straight face.

Dumb chart from Mike Wallace.
Source: WUWT


It makes you wonder who's trying to fool who. Mike's managed to get a global average when there were almost no pH measurements at all. Heck, some years he wasn't even able to put in any number from anywhere in the ocean at all yet he still found a global trend. It reminds me of those rather awful charts of CO2 measurements that deniers try to flog on the unwary from time to time.

No thanks, Mike Wallace and Anthony Watts. I'll stick to what the experts are finding. And if you want more direct observations, say of the North Pacific Ocean - look no further.


A bonus from Dr Christopher Sabine


WUWT reader, Peter Gadiel told Anthony that his rather rude "question to him" (ie to Dr Sabine) was:
As a taxpayer who is helping to pay your salary I’d like to know why you are refusing to include all the data on ocean acidification that is available.
And he reported Dr Sabine’s curt response, which was obviously written very promptly after the query, despite it being Christmas holiday time:
12:31 AM (11 hours ago)
As a public servant that must stick to the rigor of the scientific method and only present data that is of sufficient quality to address the question, I am obliged to report the best evaluation of ocean chemistry changes available. This is what you pay me to do and I am working very hard to give you the best value for your tax dollar every day. I hope you are having a good holiday season.

Indeed. I couldn't hope for more, Dr Sabine. But are the denier "taxpayers" satisfied?

From the WUWT comments


Wow, I've just noticed that Anthony's silly article - the second one with his chart from NOAA, garnered 342 comments or, as Anthony describes them more appropriately - 342 "thoughts". It looks as if everyone made a mad dash for their computer on Boxing Day. They'd had enough of Christmas celebrations or whatever they happened to be doing the previous day.


Charles Nelson couldn't be bothered reading any paper on ocean acidification and asked:
December 26, 2014 at 12:36 am
So what did they feed into their model?
oldfossil seems to think, erroneously, that Mike "managed to make sense":
December 26, 2014 at 1:30 pm
@ferdberple, remember that 80 years ago, nobody was smart enough to read a thermometer properly. That’s why GISS has to fix the data. Likewise with glass electrode pH meters.
I took a look at Michael Wallace’s page www dot abeqas dot com. On the face of it he seems to be a sane, level-headed, industrious and professional hydroclimatologist with no ax to grind either way in the climate debate. If he managed to make sense out of the historical database, a responsible scientist should also have been able to.

Ferdinand Engelbeen retorted to ferdberple, who falsely accused the scientists of deliberate fraud:
December 27, 2014 at 3:25 am
Ferdberple,
Do you accuse Keeling of fraud, because he didn’t use any historical CO2 data before Mauna Loa was established with much better measurement methods?
Do you accuse Dr. Spencer of fraud, because he didn’t use any historical ground based temperature data when he used the more accurate satellite data?
The pre-1984 pH data from glass electrode measurements are simply worthless to show any trend at all, except if based on calculations and repeated measurements over the same track in the same seasons.

There was the expected argy bargy about the term ocean acidification, with a surprising comment from Eric Worrall
December 26, 2014 at 1:57 am
Acidification is a reasonable Chemistry term to use to describe lowering the PH of a liquid (in this case the ocean), even if the end result is still alkaline (basic). When mixing acid with a solution to neutralise it, we were always told we were acidifying the solution, even though the final PH was neutral (7) – neither acid nor alkaline.

Dave is one of many who thinks he knows better
December 26, 2014 at 2:26 am
Eric Worrell. You were taught some poor chemistry! When titrating a basic solution with acid you are neutralising a proportion of the basic solution. At no time are you acidifying the solution unless you neutralise all the basic component and move the pH to less than 7. The use of the word scidification is a simple scare term and is scientific nonsensr

JohnB takes issue with the rudeness of Peter Gadiel's question, which spawned a whole heap of random "thoughts".
December 26, 2014 at 12:42 am
Why be provocative? If I were a public servant nothing could get my back up faster than a missive opening with “As a taxpayer who is helping pay your salary….” Forget government employees, how would someone in a private industry respond to “As a customer who helps pay your salary….” be taken? I’d give you the most sarcastic reply I could get away with.
What’s wrong with a polite request denoting interest in the topic and asking for clarification? A simple “What was wrong with the older data? Help me to understand.”

bertief thinks wrongly that the scientists "made up" the data:
December 26, 2014 at 1:02 am
I don’t have too much trouble with the claim that the old data is probably patchy and potentially unreliable. That does not, however, excuse making up your own ‘data’ using modelling to replace it.

An awful lot of people bought the disinformer's lie that the scientists "made up" data. They didn't. See the first chart above - it's data from observations. Measurements at a particular location. Read the references listed below - they describe how estimates are made going way back in time - thousands of years back in time - based on observations. Other data is calculated from measurements of atmospheric CO2 and other information. Some estimates are made from model experiments - and the models are based on observations and known physics and chemistry.

Mike M. makes the point that WUWT deniers don't even accept temperature data, which is based on at least twice daily readings from thousands of weather stations all around the world, but they'll take as gospel some denier's claims about the validity of very sparse and at times non-existent data back to 1910. He wrote:
December 26, 2014 at 9:29 am
Once again, Ferdinand gets it right. The older data are not sufficient to show the very small expected pH trend. The errors in the data are much larger than the change that has occurred.
The accuracy pf measurements of this type depend on both the accuracy of the instruments and the representativeness of the sampling. Both are much better for temperature than for pH. Since pre-industrial times, the average pH change is calculated to be about 0.1 pH unit, similar to measurement accuracy unless great care is taken in the measurements. The temperature change has been about 0.8 K, much larger than routine instrumental accuracy. Sampling is also an issue since pH, like temperature, varies with time and place. But the temperature has been measured continuously at a very large number of locations for a long time. Such systematic measurements of pH are not available, at least not until recently. The situation for pH is much more like ocean heat content than surface temperature.
Many people commenting on this site doubt the reliability of the long term temperature trends. There is some justification for that. But the pH data are far less reliable. So why would reasonable skeptics be willing to trust that data?
Mike M.

Then, when the arguments about "made up" dried out, denier "thoughts" turned to accusations of cherry picking a start date.  To which Ferdinand Engelbeen responded:
December 26, 2014 at 10:56 am
Latitude:
..and Sabine etc. have not shown that they didn’t cherry pick a start date at an abnormal high…
They didn’t cherry pick, they started the trend when more accurate measurements were established at a few fixed stations with frequent sampling.
That is like saying that Keeling Sr. “cherry picked” his CO2 data starting in 1958, when the accurate readings at the South Pole and Mauna Loa started…
Or that Dr. Spencer “cherry picked” his temperature data when the satellites started to measure them (indirectly) in 1979…

Man Bearpig has visions of Dr Sabine out in a little boat with a pH probe, probably of the fish tank variety:
December 26, 2014 at 1:27 am
I wonder if Sabine would be so kind as to provide the calibration certificate for one or more of their pH probes ?
He may have a problem doing this, as I suspect there are none available.

Here's an article for Man BearPig, describing how some ocean pH measurements are taken. And here's a link to a presentation discussing satellite sensing of ocean pH. Deniers seem to like satellites, so maybe they'll be satisfied with that.


Phlogiston probably thinks he's being clever. He just comes across as ignorant if not stupid, someone who can't understand science so he complains about details. What he doesn't seem to realise is that these very same scientists that he can't understand do use paleo data for estimating ocean pH going back thousands of years.
December 26, 2014 at 2:43 am
AGW activists use increasingly the same tactics as 6 day creationists. One is to question all historic and especially palaeo geological data, and call it unreliable. This is the creationist argument Sabine is using.
Another is what is called the “Gish gallop” after a certain over-enthusiastic creationist, and it means the practice of trying to overwhelm a debate with a deluge of “micro-points” – numerous argument of mixed quality which the opponent has no time to refute. The famous example is “101 reasons for a young earth”.
The activist media and scientific journals are the new exponents of the Gish gallop, with the constant drumbeat of alarmist articles about one disaster after another due to global warming, amounting to “101 reasons to act now on CO2 emission”.
(FWIW I don’t consider evolution and a 13 billion year old universe incompatible with Christian faith.)
Cliff Mass is looking for papers:
December 25, 2014 at 8:34 pm
Does anyone know of ANY papers that document the observed historical changes in ph before 1980?..cliff mass 
Update: I've added a couple of references for Cliff down below, which should get him started.


Willis Eschenbach had an odd chemistry teacher.
December 24, 2014 at 9:52 am
Thanks, Phil. So your claim is that if we add a small amount of acid to an alkaline solution it’s called “acidification”, if we add a larger amount it’s called “neutralization”, and if we add even more it’s once again called “acidification”?
Makes no sense.
And it didn’t work that way in my chem class. If we only added half the amount of acid needed, we wouldn’t call that “insufficient acidification”. We’d say we had done an incomplete neutralization.
It’s simple, or at least it was in 1964. Moving towards a pH of 7.0 is neutralization. Moving away from 7.0 is either acidification or akalinization.
This is also the common usage. For example, you don’t add baking soda to the top of your car battery to “alkalinize” a battery acid spill. You add it to neutralize the acid.
So on the day that people start calling that action “alkalinizing the battery acid” I’ll believe your claims. Until then … not so much …
Best regards,
w.

I'll end on that note.




Levinson, David H., and Jay H. Lawrimore. "State of the climate in 2007." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 89, no. 7 (2008): S1-S179.  doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-89-7-StateoftheClimate (open access)

Doney, Scott C., Victoria J. Fabry, Richard A. Feely, and Joan A. Kleypas. "Ocean acidification: the other CO2 problem." Marine Science 1 (2009). DOI: 10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834 (open access)


Byrne, Robert H., Sabine Mecking, Richard A. Feely, and Xuewu Liu. "Direct observations of basin‐wide acidification of the North Pacific Ocean." Geophysical Research Letters 37, no. 2 (2010).. DOI: 10.1029/2009GL040999 (open access)


Older papers (for Cliff Mass and the curious - Dr Kilho Park was very active in this research area in the 1960s) - the bibliographies of all these papers will have more references - then there's the IPCC reports.

Park, Kilho. "Alkalinity and pH off the coast of Oregon." In Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 171-183. Elsevier, 1968. doi:10.1016/0011-7471(68)90039-9 (subs req'd)

Park, Kilho. "Deep-sea pH." Science 154, no. 3756 (1966): 1540-1542. DOI: 10.1126/science.154.3756.1540 (should be open access)

Park, Kilho. "Surface pH of the northeastern Pacific Ocean." The Journal of the Oceanological Society of Korea Vol. 1, No.1-2, December 1966: p 260. (avail here) includes diagram of the pH measuring device and more.

Alvarez-Borrego, Saul. "Chemico-oceanographical parameters of the central North Pacific Ocean." (1970). (Thesis - available here)

Park, Kilho. "Chemical features of the Subarctic Boundary near 170 W." Journal of the Fisheries Board of Canada 24, no. 5 (1967): 899-908.  doi:10.1139/f67-080 (Subs req'd)

Mellen, Robert H., and David G. Browning. "Variability of low‐frequency sound absorption in the ocean: pH dependence." The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 61, no. 3 (1977): 704-706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.381357 - Yes, really. (subs req'd)


56 comments:

  1. I set the author of that letter to Feely, an ex-TV meteorologist named Chuck Wiese, straight here:

    http://davidappell.blogspot.com/2012/07/yes-ocean-acidity-has-increased-by-30.html

    Nor is pH limited to 14, either.

    ReplyDelete
  2. Richard Telford also has a good post on the Wallace tripe.
    http://quantpalaeo.wordpress.com/2014/12/26/not-phraud-but-phoolishness/

    ReplyDelete
  3. Sou, you missed a crucial point.

    The Wallace 'chart' ignores the data from 200m and above, whereas the BAMS chart is of SURFACE data. He is trying to compare apples with oranges and then claim that the apples is a fraud. This is so typical of deniers. They do it with temperature data, trying to debunk surface data with tropospheric data. Also the Wallace chart has been around for almost a year and NOW they dredge it up. Desperate or what!!!

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. DJ the way I read Mike's chart was that he only reported pH from 200m to the surface. (The chart is annotated <=200m.)

      Delete
  4. The TV's on in the background and Australia has a good lead over India.
    I have 2 great books to devour, Richard Flanagan's THE NARROW ROAD TO THE DEEP NORTH and Robert Dessaix 's WHAT DAYS ARE FOR but my best holiday reading has been this article. Thanks Sou.

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  5. I make a point of ignoring any comments made by people who can't write "pH" correctly. It's a simple way to measure their understanding of chemistry.

    Why are "skeptics" so unskeptical when it comes to claims made by their side? It almost makes you think they are suffering from confirmation bias, not skepticism!

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. "Why are "skeptics" so unskeptical..."

      And why would they use multiple sockpuppets to make themselves look like a crowd? And why does the fossil fuel industry have to spend a billion dollars a year to keep climate change denial going?

      Delete
    2. "Why are "skeptics" so unskeptical..."

      I know. That is why you put it the word in quotes and I will not call them skeptics.

      I find it strange that I (and I imagine most reasonably rational people) have reached a plateau of understanding about the climate. That is accepting CO2 is increasing, it is mostly human generated, the greenhouse effect is real, temperature is rising, sea-levels are rising and so on. But the details are a complete blur of skeptical questions that are really hard to answer without a lot of research. Even the basics are subject to the occasional skeptical wobble when you wonder if it can really be like this.

      And then some denier numpty comes along claiming to be a free thinking skeptic who knows scientists "know nuffin" and (s)he knows with certainty they are all wrong, 'cos they read it on WUWT. And (s)he is a true open-minded skeptic! And you are a religious true-believer.

      It is all quite surreal.

      Delete
    3. Climate revisionists. No other or better phrase.

      Delete
  6. Great work again, Sou! I remain boggled at the defamatory claims WUWT et al. will make on a daily basis. Surely there must come a time when someone sues them.

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  7. As soon as an OA article popped up on the local paper it was swarmed with fake skeptics/deniers brandishing these WUWT links.

    What's really missing from the discussion is what aragonite saturation states are doing. People b***h and moan that pH isn't below 7, but they fail to realize that an Omega less than 1 leads to dissolution.

    If that's the Cliff Mass I'm thinking it is (and I'm hoping it's not), all hope is lost for humanity.

    ReplyDelete
  8. I've added some older papers for Cliff Mass - meant to do this earlier.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. I took a great atmospheric sciences class from Cliff Mass in undergrad years ago, there was a section on climate that was pretty standard stuff. I really hope he's not posting at WUWT asking for papers since Feely (and the rest of the OA folks) are right up the street.

      Delete
    2. I gather Cliff is great when it comes to weather. He's oddly inconsistent when it comes to climate. I figure his world view conflicts with the science in him from time to time.

      Delete
    3. (Facepalm)

      The equivalent would be me not walking next door to ask the bio people a bio question, but rather posting it on Facebook and asking everyone I know to chime in.

      Delete
    4. Not quite equivalent. More like going to a hardcore young earth creationist website and asking them for the top references in Nature Genetics.

      Delete
    5. I gather Cliff is great when it comes to weather. He's oddly inconsistent when it comes to climate. I figure his world view conflicts with the science in him from time to time.

      This old weatherman used to live in Seattle and enjoyed his weather work. His climate work, however, is an analogue of Pielke Jr./Breakthrough folks, unfortunately.

      Best,

      D

      Delete
    6. So that was the real Cliff Mass? I had half-assumed it couldn't be given the context. But if so, wow (tm Judy Curry).

      Delete
  9. The one thing that leaps out at me from these know-nothings is that they seem to have spent their whole lives on line. None of them seem to have any familiarity at all with gardening or agriculture or horticulture. If they had, they'd be quite at ease with the idea of acidifying soils, or water supplies, regardless of the existing or eventual pH of the material in question.

    It's ordinary everyday language. (The other giveaway is the (ab)use of the term alkaline. It's obvious that most of them have barely got past year 9 general science - they seem never to have discovered buffering. All they know is acid-neutral-alkaline and which numbers go with which. You could probably tie more than a few of them in knots just by using the word basic.)

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. These know-nothings often tie the discussions in knots by getting fixated on the meanings of words. They take the Humpty-Dumpty tactic of saying words mean what they say they mean and therefore the whole science paper is wrong.

      Hence these long postings from deniers about "defining" what acidifying means and how it is linked to pH. As if the definition of the word changes the physical reality of what is happening in the oceans!

      Delete
    2. Also, and I suppose it is out of willful ignorance... they do not accept/realise that the pH scale is logarithmic. Thus, a change from 8.2 to 8.1 in such a short period of time really is a big deal.

      But then, hey, our esteemed Mr Watts doesn't understand baselines either:

      https://archive.today/2LXkI

      So what more can you expect from the willfully ignorant?

      Delete
  10. Further to MWS's remark about the ability to write "pH" correctly being something of a litmus test (see what I did there?) for their understanding of chemistry*, I would add that talking as though "alkaline" and "basic" are synonyms (or explicitly saying so) is an instant fail.

    Despite Eric's close encounter with reality, he still fails. Willlis fails much, much worse.


    * I nearly said a "basic understanding", but thought that was pushing it

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Oopsie, I see Adelady got there first - should have read the rest of the comments before posting.

      Delete
    2. Hah! If I'd thought of "basic understanding" I might have tried to work it in somewhere.

      Delete
  11. The semantic gaming is beyond absurd - they keep confusing parts of speech, claiming that acidification cannot be happening if the oceans are still basic. What they don't seem to understand is that 'acid' and 'base' are nouns, 'acidic' and 'basic' are adjectives. But 'acidification' is a verb (or adverb, depending on use), describing the direction of change - and is entirely the correct term for the observed changes in the ocean.

    If you start at the South Pole and travel 100km in a straight line, you're still in the Southern Hemisphere. But you've been traveling north, undergoing 'northification'.

    Idjits.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. No, no KR, in Willis-world, you're undergoing partial equatorfication!

      :-)

      Delete
    2. FrankD - if you see this - could you try changing your login name - maybe Frank D (with a space) or similar? Google Blogger is still playing up, no matter what I try. I'm wondering if a change of login name would help.

      Delete
  12. The quibbling about "acidification" is really silly. If the temperature in Norfolk was -4C yesterday and -2C today and I said that "it has warmed outside since yesterday" most people would have no problem with that. On the other hand, if someone responded "no, it hasn't warmed since yesterday because -2C isn't warm, its cold. You should have said 'it has become less cold outside yesterday'" you would think that they were being, at best, ridiculously pedantic.

    As it happens, the OED definition of "acidification" is:

    "The action or process of making something (more) acidic; conversion into an acid; addition of acid."

    You can add acid to an alkali without reducing its pH below 7. Furthemore, one of the citations that it gives as an example of its usage is:

    "2006 New Scientist 5 Aug. 30/1 Most scientists think it is correct to describe any process that lowers pH as acidification."

    Which is completely in accordance with its usage here (I suspect the article may well have been on OA).

    ReplyDelete
  13. Is it my imagination or are climate deniers really getting dumber?

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. I think they're running out of smart sounding denials (as they have been repeatedly shown that those don't hold up), and are down to scraping the barrel for the really whacky ideas.

      Like 'CO2 is from insects', NASA/UN conspiracy theories, blatantly wrong math, and cherry-picking that a 6th grader could point out...

      Delete
  14. Rob:

    I suspect they're learning more scientific jargon and picking up bits of pseudo-science from each other, and from the denial blogs; which gives them them the courage to question the real science and appear to each other as being superficially knowledgeable about climate subjects. Whereas in fact their 'knowledge' lacks any depth or understanding.

    Never was the saying 'fools rush in where angels fear to tread' more apt.

    ReplyDelete
  15. Let me try:

    "Beaker of HCl ready for pouring, the chemistry teacher told the class that he would now dealkalinize the existing basic mixture."

    Hmm, don't recall hearing it put like that.

    With children, should we say they're growing less short until they cross over the average height of all children, only after which we can say they're growing taller?

    Anyway, this sort of absurdist smokescreen is just another brick in the wall of constructed ignorance over at WTFUWT.

    ReplyDelete
  16. "so the oceans are taking CO2 from the air"...so you say Sou ? Of course the oceans are taking CO2 from the air. That's where most of the CO2 is going. It gets absorbed by vast blooms of phytoplankton which don't live very long and take the CO2, in the form carbonate sediments, to the floor of the ocean. It seems that the Amazon is not the "lungs of the world" after all, and that planting trees may be meaningless. Oh dear, how sad, there there, never mind.
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OSRgKKoLLiQ

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. So if oceans are taking CO2 from the air, then trees can't? I am not sure you have thought that through.

      Sou had a recent post on the carbon cycle. where she provided this link which you may find helpful
      http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/CarbonCycle/

      This diagram suggests that of the 9 gigatonnes of Carbon emitted by human activity, 3 are taken up by plants and 2 by the ocean with 4 staying in the atmosphere.
      https://public.ornl.gov/site/gallery/originals/BioComponents_Carbon.jpg

      These estimates are refined as more research is done on the carbon cycle but there is still a large uncertainty.
      http://theconversation.com/plants-absorb-more-co2-than-we-thought-but-32945

      Delete
    2. Be grateful for small wins. Although Mack seems to think that photosynthesis only takes place in the ocean, at least he isn't trying to argue that the oceans are on balance "outgassing CO2", which is a common denier misconception.

      Delete
  17. Mack- typically only very small percentage of phytoplankton are exported to the ocean floor. The majority are grazed within the surface of the ocean, and much of the carbon is returned to CO2. See page 2 at this link: http://www.whoi.edu/cms/files/OceanusIron_Will_It_Work_30724.pdf

    Additionally, open ocean phytoplankton growth rates are not sufficient to absorb all the new CO2, which is why the concentration is going up in the ocean.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. And who's been measuring the growth rates of all the phytoplankton Giovanni? Methinks you're just making stuff up.

      Delete
    2. I see that "methinks" Mack didn't even bother reading the article that Giovanni kindly provided, which isn't a surprise going on his record here. And he can't be bothered (or doesn't know how) to find the answer for himself. So here are just a few references for him to start his research with.

      Best of luck, Mack. Feel free to come back and tell us what you discover.

      Smith, W. O., David M. Nelson, and Sylvie Mathot. "Phytoplankton growth rates in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, determined by independent methods: temporal variations." Journal of Plankton Research 21, no. 8 (1999): 1519-1536. (pdf here)

      Berge, Terje, Niels Daugbjerg, Bettina Balling Andersen, and Per Juel Hansen. "Effect of lowered pH on marine phytoplankton growth rates." Marine Ecology Progress Series 416 (2010): 79-91. (pdf here)

      Edwards, Kyle F., Mridul K. Thomas, Christopher A. Klausmeier, and Elena Litchman. "Allometric scaling and taxonomic variation in nutrient utilization traits and maximum growth rate of phytoplankton." Limnol. Oceanogr 57, no. 2 (2012): 554-566. (pdf here)

      McKibben, S. M., P. G. Strutton, D. G. Foley, T. D. Peterson, and A. E. White. "Satellite‐based detection and monitoring of phytoplankton blooms along the Oregon coast." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (1978–2012) 117, no. C12 (2012). (link - open access)

      More here

      Still more here (from 2010 onwards).

      Delete
    3. Here's the link that I missed providing:

      Edwards, Kyle F., Mridul K. Thomas, Christopher A. Klausmeier, and Elena Litchman. "Allometric scaling and taxonomic variation in nutrient utilization traits and maximum growth rate of phytoplankton." Limnol. Oceanogr 57, no. 2 (2012): 554-566. (pdf here)

      Delete
    4. Mack, the term for your comment is argument from ignorance.

      A quick look at the literature shows a huge amount of information on this, including Global phytoplankton decline over the past century linked to climate change.

      Your assertion of "vast blooms of phytoplankton" is flatly wrong, and you could have found that out with mere seconds of research. Which you clearly didn't do.

      Delete
    5. "Methinks you're just making stuff up."

      Look in the mirror Mack.

      Delete
    6. Wow. Eric had a victory...ish.

      Delete
    7. KR and Sou et al...the term for your comments and references is called "arguement from miniature" All these scientific studies were conducted in various relatively small areas , small samples, everything small in a global sense. Also none of these studies have any time depth in them. Just like the scientists who go down the Antarctic and count a few penquin colonies...then say the number of penguins is declining in the Antarctic because of global warming... opps. the size of Antarctica in winter is about the same size as Africa... wow. go to Africa and count a few sparrows in Capetown and say Africa's sparrow population is going down, well maybe up , with all the global warming.
      All these studies may have been meticulious and scientific, but nobody has the overall bigger picture,of the phytoplankton, certainly not over a time scale required to be representative of a change in global climate.
      You people fascinate me with your total lack of perspective....but I guess it goes with the AGW religion.



      Delete
    8. Mack, please spend your next holiday standing on a beach in Antarctica, counting each and every penguin. Remember, they move so you'll need to keep track of them.

      Or you could remember basic sampling techniques and well established moods for calculating populations exist and that is what biologists will use. Dumb denialism insists 100% of everything is accounted for or it cannot be accepted.

      Now you have used the R word, you might want to look up what the word means before you use it again. This might help you http://ingeniouspursuits.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/agw-is-religion-right.html

      Delete
    9. "arguement from miniature"

      Rather better than argument from ignorance.

      Delete
    10. @ Catmando...Well the Xmas Turkey's last year's holiday on a beach in Antarctica was a tad spoiled on account of being jammed in pack ice he didn't expect. The penguins got to count a few looney birds on a boat instead.

      Delete
    11. Mack's devastating wit skewers another religious zealot ...

      (We really do need a better class of denier. Yawn.)

      Delete
    12. Mack, lift your game and stop acting like a petulant and immature adolescent.

      Also, stop shifting goal posts. You asked "who's been measuring the growth rates of all the phytoplankton" and I gave lots of examples (including specific articles plus links to Google Scholar searches).

      You didn't ask "has anyone measured global amounts of phytoplankton". If you had, I might have been kind enough to do your research for you since you are incapable when it comes to looking up scientific papers. For example, here are two articles found in about 30 seconds:

      Boyce, Daniel G., Marlon R. Lewis, and Boris Worm. "Global phytoplankton decline over the past century." Nature 466, no. 7306 (2010): 591-596. doi:10.1038/nature09268

      Behrenfeld, Michael J., Robert T. O’Malley, David A. Siegel, Charles R. McClain, Jorge L. Sarmiento, Gene C. Feldman, Allen J. Milligan, Paul G. Falkowski, Ricardo M. Letelier, and Emmanuel S. Boss. "Climate-driven trends in contemporary ocean productivity." Nature 444, no. 7120 (2006): 752-755. doi:10.1038/nature05317

      Delete
    13. Sou - I gave Mack the "Global phytoplankton decline" reference in my last comment. Meaning his "miniature" claim was utterly absurd even when he made it.

      Mack - You are clearly arguing from an ideological position rather than any basis in fact, as has been shown repeatedly in these exchanges. You might want to consider why your comments are so easily disproven by observations, the literature, by facts. Until then, you are a denier.

      Delete
    14. Oh, sorry KR - I should read comments more carefully - especially after accusing Mack of not doing so :(

      Mea culpa.

      Delete
    15. Mack first informs us that phytoplankton blooms are removing additional CO2 and then informs us that nobody knows what's happening to phytoplankton. Now that's what I call a religious mindset.

      Delete
    16. @Cugel
      Another example of the lack of denier joined-up thinking?

      Delete

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